Index

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W X

Numerics

32-bit and 64-bit

software versions in the same cluster not supported, 2.6

A

accounts configured by, 2.1.3

ACFS. See Oracle ACFS.

aio-max-nr, E.2.1

AMD 64

software requirements for, 2.8.2

and asmcmd errors, 2.5.3.1

architecture

checking system architecture, 2.6

Asianux

operating system requirements, 2.8.1, 2.8.2

ASM

and multiple databases, 2.5.5.1.3

and rolling upgrade, F.5.3

ASM library driver (ASMLIB), 4.2.2

block device names, 3.3.1.4.2

candidate disks, 1.3.6.3, 3.3.1.4

characteristics of failure groups, 3.3.1.1, 3.3.2.1

checking disk availability, 3.3.1.4.2

configuring disks for ASM, 3.3.1.4

creating the OSDBA for ASM group, 2.5.5.2.5

disk groups, 3.3.1.1

displaying attached disks, 3.3.1.4.2

failure groups, 3.3.1.1

examples, 3.3.1.1, 3.3.2.1

identifying, 3.3.1.1, 3.3.2.1

identifying available disks, 3.3.1.4.2

number of instances on each node, 1.3.5, 3.1.1

OSASM or ASM administrator, 2.5.5.1.3

OSDBA for ASM group, 2.5.5.1.3

recommendations for disk groups, 3.3.1.1

required for Standard Edition Oracle RAC, 3.1.1

required for Typical install type, 3.1.1

rolling upgrade of, 4.1, 4.1

space required for Oracle Clusterware files, 3.3.1.1

space required for preconfigured database, 3.3.1.1

storage option for data files, 3.1.2

storing Oracle Clusterware files on, 3.1.3

ASM disks

marking, 4.2.2

ASM group

creating, 2.5.5.2.3

ASM library driver (oracleasm)

installing, 3.3.1.4.1

ASMLIB, 4.2.2

Automatic Storage Management Cluster File System. See Oracle ACFS.

Automatic Storage Management. See ASM.

B

Bash shell

default user startup file, 2.14.2

setting shell limits, 2.14.3

.bash_profile file, 2.14.2

binaries

relinking, 5.4

block devices

and upgrades, 3.1.2.2

creating permissions file for Oracle Clusterware files, 3.3.1.5

creating permissions file for Oracle Database files, 3.4

desupport of, 3.4

desupported, 3.1.2.2

device name, 3.3.1.4.2

for upgrades only, 3.4

block devices desupported, Preface

BMC

configuring, 2.12.3.2

BMC interface

preinstallation tasks, 2.12

Bourne shell

default user startup file, 2.14.2

setting shell limits on Linux x86, 2.14.3

C

C shell

default user startup file, 2.14.2

setting shell limits, 2.14.3

candidate disks

marking, 1.3.6.3, 3.3.1.4

central inventory, 2.5.5.1.1

about, D.1.1.1

central inventory. See Also OINSTALL group, and Oracle Inventory group

changing host names, 4.1

checking Linux distribution, 2.9

chmod command, 3.2.10

chown command, 3.2.10

clients

connecting to SCANs, D.1.3.5

cluster configuration file, 4.2.2

cluster file system

storage option for data files, 3.1.2

cluster file systems

grid home not supported on, 3.1.1

cluster name

requirements for, 4.1

cluster nodes

private node names, 4.1

public node names, 4.1

specifying uids and gids, 2.5.5.2.10

virtual node names, 4.1

Cluster Time Synchronization Service, 2.10

Cluster Verification Utility

cvuqdisk, 2.11

fixup scripts, 2.3

user equivalency troubleshooting, A.3

commands, 2.14.2

asmca, 3.3.3, 4.2.1, 4.2.1, 5.2.4.2, F.5.3

asmcmd, 2.5.3.1

cat, 2.9

chmod, 3.2.10

chown, 3.2.10

crsctl, 4.4, 5.3.2, F.2, F.5.3.1

dd, Preface

df, 1.3.1, 1.3.1, 2.6

env, 2.14.2

fdisk, 3.3.1.4.2, 3.3.1.5

free, 2.6

groupadd, 2.5.5.2.10

id, 2.5.5.2.10

ipmitool, 2.12.3.2.1

limit, 2.14.3

lsdev, 3.3.1.4.2

lsmod, 2.12.3.1

mkdir, 3.2.10

modinfo, 2.9

modprobe, 2.12.3.1

nscd, 2.7.7

ntpd, 2.10

partprobe, 3.3.1.5, 3.4

passwd, 2.5.5.2.10

ping, 2.7.1

rootcrs.pl, 5.4

rootupgrade.sh, F.2

rpm, 2.9, 2.11

sqlplus, 2.5.3.1

srvctl, F.2

swap, 2.6

swapon, 2.6

ulimit, 2.14.3

umask, 2.14.1

uname, 2.6, 2.9, 3.3.1.4.1

unset, F.4.1

useradd, 2.5.3.3, 2.5.5.2.8, 2.5.5.2.10

usermod, 2.5.5.2.9

xhost, 2.4

xterm, 2.4, 2.4

configuring kernel parameters, E.2

cron jobs, 4.1, A.6

crs_install.rsp file, B.3.1

csh.login file, 2.14.3

csh.login.local file, 2.14.3

ctsdd, 2.10

custom database

failure groups for ASM, 3.3.1.1, 3.3.2.1

requirements when using ASM, 3.3.1.1

Custom installation type

reasons for choosing, 2.5.5.1.2

cvuqdisk, 2.11, 2.11

D

data files

creating separate directories for, 3.2.9, 3.2.10

setting permissions on data file directories, 3.2.10

storage options, 3.1.2

data loss

minimizing with ASM, 3.3.1.1, 3.3.2.1

Database Configuration Assistant

running in silent mode, B.6

database files

supported storage options, 3.1.3

databases

ASM requirements, 3.3.1.1

dba group. See OSDBA group

dbca.rsp file, B.3.1

default file mode creation mask

setting, 2.14.1

default Linux installation

recommendation for, 2.1.2

desupported

block devices, Preface

raw devices, Preface

device names

IDE disks, 3.3.1.4.2

SCSI disks, 3.3.1.4.2

/dev/shm

and initialization parameters, A.1

df command, 2.6, 2.14.2

Direct NFS

disabling, 3.2.11

enabling, 3.2.8

for data files, 3.2.3

minimum write size value for, 3.2.3.2

E

emulator

installing from X emulator, 2.4, 2.4

Enterprise Linux

operating system requirements, 2.8.1, 2.8.2

enterprise.rsp file, B.3.1

env command, 2.14.2

environment

checking settings, 2.14.2

configuring for oracle user, 2.14

environment variables

DISPLAY, 2.14.2

ORACLE_BASE, 2.14.2, B.2, D.1.1.2

ORACLE_HOME, 2.5.3.1, 2.14.2, F.4.1

ORACLE_SID, 2.14.2, F.4.1

removing from shell startup file, 2.14.2

SHELL, 2.14.2

TEMP and TMPDIR, 2.6, 2.14.2

errata

Linux kernel errata, 2.9

errors

X11 forwarding, 2.14.4, E.1.3

/etc/csh.login file, 2.14.3

/etc/csh.login.local file, 2.14.3

/etc/pam.d/login file, 2.14.3

/etc/profile file, 2.14.3

/etc/profile.local file, 2.14.3

/etc/security/limits.so file, 2.14.3

Exadata

relinking binaries example for, 5.4

examples

ASM failure groups, 3.3.1.1, 3.3.2.1

F

failure group

ASM, 3.3.1.1

characteristics of ASM failure group, 3.3.1.1, 3.3.2.1

examples of ASM failure groups, 3.3.1.1, 3.3.2.1

fdisk command, 3.3.1.4.2

features, new, Preface

fencing, Preface

and IPMI, 2.12, 4.1

file mode creation mask

setting, 2.14.1

file system

storage option for data files, 3.1.2

file systems, 3.1.4

file-max, E.2.1

files

$ORACLE_HOME/lib/libnfsodm11.so, 3.2.8

$ORACLE_HOME/lib/libodm11.so, 3.2.8

.bash_profile, 2.14.2

dbca.rsp, B.3.1

default shell startup file, 2.14.3

editing shell startup file, 2.14.2

enterprise.rsp, B.3.1

/etc/csh.login, 2.14.3

/etc/csh.login.local, 2.14.3

/etc/pam.d/login, 2.14.3

/etc/profile, 2.14.3

/etc/profile.local, 2.14.3

/etc/security/limits.so, 2.14.3

.login, 2.14.2

oraInst.loc, 2.5.1

oraInst.loc file, B.2

/proc/sys/fs/file-max, E.2.1

/proc/sys/kernel/sem, E.2.1

/proc/sys/kernel/shmall, E.2.1

/proc/sys/kernel/shmmax, E.2.1

/proc/sys/kernel/shmmni, E.2.1

/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_local_port_range, E.2.1

.profile, 2.14.2

profile.local, 2.14.3

response files, B.3

filesets, 2.8

fixup script, 2.3

about, 1.2

G

GFS, 3.1.4

gid

identifying existing, 2.5.5.2.10

specifying, 2.5.5.2.10

specifying on other nodes, 2.5.5.2.10

globalization

support for, 4.1

GNS

about, 2.7.2.1

GPFS, 3.1.4

grid home

and Oracle base restriction, 2.5.3.1

default path for, 2.15

disk space for, 2.6

unlocking, 5.4

grid infrastructure owner (grid), 2.5.5.1.1

grid naming service. See GNS

grid user, 2.5.5.1.1

group IDs

identifying existing, 2.5.5.2.10

specifying, 2.5.5.2.10

specifying on other nodes, 2.5.5.2.10

groups

checking for existing OINSTALL group, 2.5.1, 2.5.1

creating identical groups on other nodes, 2.5.5.2.10, 2.5.5.2.10

creating the ASM group, 2.5.5.2.3, 2.5.5.2.3

creating the OSDBA for ASM group, 2.5.5.2.5

creating the OSDBA group, 2.5.5.2.1

OINSTALL, 2.5.1, 2.5.2

OSASM (asmadmin), 2.5.5.1.3

OSDBA (dba), 2.5.5.1.2

OSDBA for ASM (asmdba), 2.5.5.1.3

OSDBA group (dba), 2.5.5.1.2

OSOPER (oper), 2.5.5.1.2

OSOPER for ASM, 2.5.5.1.3

OSOPER group (oper), 2.5.5.1.2

required for installation owner user, 2.5.5.1.1

specifying when creating users, 2.5.5.2.10, 2.5.5.2.10

using NIS, 2.5.5, 2.5.5.2.10

H

hangcheck-timer, Preface

hardware requirements, 2.6

host names

changing, 4.1

legal hostnames, 4.1

I

id command, 2.5.5.2.10

IDE disks

device names, 3.3.1.4.2

initialization parameters

MEMORY_TARGET, A.1

INS-32026 error, 2.5.3.1

installation

and cron jobs, 4.1

and globalization, 4.1

response files, B.3

oraInst.loc file, B.2

preparing, B.3, B.3.2

templates, B.3

silent mode, B.4

using cluster configuration file, 4.2.2

installation types

and ASM, 3.3.1.1

interfaces

requirements for private interconnect, D.1.3.2

intermittent hangs

and socket files, 4.4

ip_local_port_range, E.2.1

IPMI

addresses not configurable by GNS, 2.12.2

configuring driver for, 2.12.3

preinstallation tasks, 2.12

preparing for installation, 4.1

J

JDK requirements, 2.8

job role separation users, 2.5.5.1.1

K

kernel

Linux errata, 2.9

kernel parameters

configuring, E.2

Korn shell

and LDAP, 2.8.1, 2.8.2

default user startup file, 2.14.2

setting shell limits, 2.14.3

ksh

See Korn shell

L

LDAP

odisrvreg

system requirements for, 2.8.1, 2.8.2

oidca

system requirements for, 2.8.1, 2.8.2

schemasynch

system requirements for, 2.8.1, 2.8.2

legal hostnames, 4.1

libnfsodm11.so, 3.2.8

libodm11.so, 3.2.8

lightweight directory access protocol

See LDAP

limit command, 2.14.3

limits.so file, 2.14.3

Linux

checking version, 2.9

cvuqdisk package, 2.11

determining distribution of, 2.9

kernel errata, 2.9

setting shell limits, 2.14.3

Linux (32-bit)

software requirements for, 2.8.1

Linux x86-64

software requirements for, 2.8.2

log file

how to access during installation, 4.2.1

.login file, 2.14.2, 2.14.3

lsdev command, 3.3.1.4.2

LVM

recommendations for ASM, 3.3.1.1

M

mask

setting default file mode creation mask, 2.14.1

memory requirements, 2.6

Memory Size (SGA and PGA), A.1

MEMORY_TARGET, A.1

and /dev/shm, A.1

minimal Linux installation

recommendation for, 2.1.1

mixed binaries, 2.8

mkdir command, 3.2.10

mode

setting default file mode creation mask, 2.14.1

multiple databases

and ASM, 2.5.5.1.3

multiple oracle homes, 2.5.3.1, 3.2.10

My Oracle Support, 5.1.1

N

Net Configuration Assistant (NetCA)

response files, B.5

running at command prompt, B.5

netca, 4.2.1

netca.rsp file, B.3.1

Network Information Services

See NIS

new features, Preface

NFS, 3.1.4, 3.2.6

and data files, 3.2.4

and Oracle Clusterware files, 3.2.1

buffer size parameters for, 3.2.5, 3.2.7

Direct NFS, 3.2.3

for data files, 3.2.4

rsize, 3.2.6

NIS

alternative to local users and groups, 2.5.5

nofile

shell limit on Linux, 2.14.3

noninteractive mode. See response file mode

nproc

shell limit on Linux, 2.14.3

NTP protocol

and slewing, 2.10

O

OCFS2, 3.1.4

checking on Linux, 2.9

checking version of, 2.8.1, 2.8.2, E.3

download location for Linux, 2.9

grid home not supported on, 3.1.1

status of, 2.9

OCR. See Oracle Cluster Registry

OINSTALL group

about, D.1.1.1

and oraInst.loc, 2.5.1

checking for existing, 2.5.1

creating on other nodes, 2.5.5.2.10

OINSTALL group. See Also Oracle Inventory group

oper group. See OSOPER group

operating system

checking distribution and version of Linux, 2.9

different on cluster members, 2.8

limitation for Oracle ACFS, D.2.1

missing packages, A.5

requirements, 2.8

oprocd, Preface

optimal flexible architecture

and oraInventory directory, D.1.1.2

Oracle ACFS

about, D.2.1

supported Linux versions for, 3.1.1

Oracle base

grid homes not permitted under, 2.15

Oracle base directory

about, D.1.2

grid home must not be in an Oracle Database Oracle base, 2.5.3.1

minimum disk space for, 2.6

Oracle Cluster Registry

configuration of, 4.1

mirroring, 3.2.1

partition sizes, 3.2.1

permissions file to own block device partitions, 3.3.1.5

supported storage options, 3.1.3

Oracle Clusterware

and file systems, 3.1.4

and upgrading Oracle ASM instances, 1.3.5, 3.1.1

installing, 4

rolling upgrade of, 4.1

supported storage options for, 3.1.3

upgrading, 3.2.1

Oracle Clusterware files

ASM disk space requirements, 3.3.1.1

Oracle Database

creating data file directories, 3.2.9, 3.2.10

data file storage options, 3.1.2

operating system patch requirements for, 2.8.1, 2.8.2

privileged groups, 2.5.5.1.2

requirements with ASM, 3.3.1.1

Oracle Database Configuration Assistant

response file, B.3.1

Oracle Disk Manager

and Direct NFS, 3.2.8

Oracle Enterprise Linux

and Oracle Validated RPM, 2.1.3

Oracle grid infrastructure response file, B.3.1

oracle home, 2.5.3.1

ASCII path restriction for, 4.1

multiple oracle homes, 2.5.3.1, 3.2.10

Oracle Inventory group

about, D.1.1.1

checking for existing, 2.5.1

creating, 2.5.2

creating on other nodes, 2.5.5.2.10

oraInst.loc file and, 2.5.1

Oracle Net Configuration Assistant

response file, B.3.1

Oracle patch updates, 5.1.1

Oracle Real Application Clusters

configuring disks for ASM, 3.3.1.4.2

operating system patch requirements for, 2.8.1, 2.8.2

Oracle Software Owner user

configuring environment for, 2.14

creating, 2.5.3, 2.5.3.2, 2.5.5.2.6, 2.5.5.2.7

creating on other nodes, 2.5.5.2.10

determining default shell, 2.14.2

required group membership, 2.5.5.1.1

Oracle software owner user

description, 2.5.5.1.1

Oracle Software Owner users

setting shell limits for, 2.14.3

Oracle Universal Installer

response files

list of, B.3.1

Oracle Upgrade Companion, 2.2

oracle user

and Oracle Validated RPM, 2.1.3

configuring environment for, 2.14

creating, 2.5.3, 2.5.3.2, 2.5.3.3, 2.5.5.2.6, 2.5.5.2.7, 2.5.5.2.8

creating on other nodes, 2.5.5.2.10

description, 2.5.5.1.1

determining default shell, 2.14.2

required group membership, 2.5.5.1.1

setting shell limits for, 2.14.3

Oracle Validated Configuration RPM, Preface

about, 2.1.3

included with Oracle Enterprise Linux, 2.1.3

installing, 2.1.4

troubleshooting, 2.1.3

ORACLE_BASE environment variable

removing from shell startup file, 2.14.2

ORACLE_HOME environment variable

removing from shell startup file, 2.14.2

ORACLE_SID environment variable

removing from shell startup file, 2.14.2

oracleasm RPM

installing, 3.3.1.4.1

oracle-validated.rpm, 2.1.3

oraInst.loc

and central inventory, 2.5.1

contents of, 2.5.1

oraInst.loc file

location, 2.5.1

location of, 2.5.1

oraInventory, 2.5.5.1.1

about, D.1.1.1

creating, 2.5.2

oraInventory. See Also Oracle Inventory group

OS Watcher, 5.2.2.2

OSASM group, 2.5.5.1.3

about, 2.5.5.1.3

and multiple databases, 2.5.5.1.3

and SYSASM, 2.5.5.1.3

creating, 2.5.5.2.3

OSDBA for ASM group, 2.5.5.1.3

about, 2.5.5.1.3

OSDBA group

and SYSDBA privilege, 2.5.5.1.2

creating, 2.5.5.2.1

creating on other nodes, 2.5.5.2.10, 2.5.5.2.10

description, 2.5.5.1.2

OSDBA group for ASM

creating, 2.5.5.2.5

OSOPER for ASM group

about, 2.5.5.1.3

creating, 2.5.5.2.4

OSOPER group

and SYSOPER privilege, 2.5.5.1.2

creating, 2.5.5.2.2

creating on other nodes, 2.5.5.2.10, 2.5.5.2.10

description, 2.5.5.1.2

P

package cvuqdisk not installed, 2.11

packages

checking on Linux, 2.9

default Linux installation and, 2.8

packages. See Also RPMs

partition

using with ASM, 3.3.1.1

passwd command, 2.5.5.2.10

passwords

specifying for response files, B.1

R

RACDDT, 5.2.2.2

RAID

and mirroring Oracle Cluster Registry and voting disk, 3.2.1

recommended ASM redundancy level, 3.3.1.1

RAM requirements, 2.6

raw devices

and upgrades, 3.1.2.2, 3.4

desupport of, 3.4

upgrading existing partitions, 3.2.1

raw devices desupported, Preface

recovery files

supported storage options, 3.1.3

Red Hat

operating system requirements, 2.8.1, 2.8.2

Red Hat Package Manager

See RPM

redundancy level

and space requirements for preconfigured database, 3.3.1.1

relinking grid infrastructure home binaries, 5.4, 6.4

requirements, 3.3.1.1

hardware, 2.6

response file installation

oraInst.loc file, B.2

preparing, B.3

response files

templates, B.3

silent mode, B.4

response file mode

about, B.1

reasons for using, B.1.1

See also response files, silent mode, B.1

response files

about, B.1

creating with template, B.3.1

crs_install.rsp, B.3.1

dbca.rsp, B.3.1

enterprise.rsp, B.3.1

general procedure, B.1.2

Net Configuration Assistant, B.5

netca.rsp, B.3.1

passing values at command line, B.1

passwords, B.1

security, B.1

specifying with Oracle Universal Installer, B.4

response files.See also silent mode

rmem_default, E.2.1

rmem_max, E.2.1

rolling upgrade

ASM, 4.1

of ASM, F.5.3

Oracle Clusterware, 4.1

root user

logging in as, 2.4

root.sh, 4.2.1

back up, 5.2.1

running, 4.1

RPMs

checking, 2.9

default Linux installation and, 2.8

rsize parameter, 3.2.6

run level, 2.6

S

SCAN listener, D.1.3.5

SCANs, 1.3.2.2.1, 2.7.2.2

understanding, D.1.3.5

use of SCANs required for clients of policy-managed databases, D.1.3.5

scripts

root.sh, 4.1

SCSI disks

device names, 3.3.1.4.2

security

dividing ownership of Oracle software, 2.5.5

T

tcsh shell

setting shell limits, 2.14.3

TEMP environment variable, 2.6

setting, 2.14.2

temporary directory, 2.6

temporary directory. See /tmp directory

temporary disk space

checking, 2.6

freeing, 2.6

requirements, 2.6

/tmp directory

checking space in, 2.6

freeing space in, 2.6

TMPDIR environment variable, 2.6

setting, 2.14.2

troubleshooting

asmcmd errors and oracle home, 2.5.3.1

automatic SSH configuration from OUI, 2.13

different group and user IDs, 2.1.3

disk space errors, 4.1

DISPLAY errors, 2.14.4

environment path errors, 4.1

error messages, A.1

intermittent hangs, 4.4

log file, 4.2.1

missing operating system packages, A.5

nfs mounts, 2.7.7

permissions errors and oraInventory, D.1.1.1

permissions errors during installation, D.1.1.2

public network failures, 2.7.7

run level error, 2.6

sqlplus errors and oracle home, 2.5.3.1

ssh, E.1.1

ssh configuration failure, E.1.2.1

ssh errors, 2.14.5

stty errors, 2.14.5

unexplained installation errors, 4.1, A.6

user equivalency, A.3, E.1.1

user equivalency error due to different user or group IDs, 2.5.3.3, 2.5.5.2.7

user equivalency errors, 2.5.2

voting disk backups with dd command, Preface

with OS Watcher and RACDDT, 5.2.2.2

X11 forwarding error, 2.14.4

Typical installation type

response file installations, B.3.2

U

uid

identifying existing, 2.5.5.2.10

specifying, 2.5.5.2.10

specifying on other nodes, 2.5.5.2.10

ulimit command, 2.14.3

umask, 2.14.2

umask command, 2.14.1, 2.14.2

upgrade

of Oracle Clusterware, 4.1

restrictions for, F.2

unsetting environment variables for, F.4.1

upgrades, 2.2

and SCANs, D.1.3.5

of Oracle ASM, F.5.3

using raw or block devices with, 3.1.2.2

upgrading

and existing Oracle ASM instances, 1.3.5, 3.1.1

and OCR partition sizes, 3.2.1

and voting disk partition sizes, 3.2.1

shared Oracle Clusterware home to local grid homes, 2.15

user equivalence

testing, A.3

user equivalency errors

groups and users, 2.5.3.3, 2.5.5.2.7

user IDs

identifying existing, 2.5.5.2.10

specifying, 2.5.5.2.10

specifying on other nodes, 2.5.5.2.10

useradd command, 2.5.3.3, 2.5.5.2.8, 2.5.5.2.10

users

creating identical users on other nodes, 2.5.5.2.10, 2.5.5.2.10

creating the oracle user, 2.5.3, 2.5.3, 2.5.3.2, 2.5.3.2, 2.5.5.2.6, 2.5.5.2.6, 2.5.5.2.7, 2.5.5.2.7

oracle software owner user (oracle), 2.5.5.1.1

setting shell limits for, 2.14.3

setting shell limits for users on Linux, 2.14.3

specifying groups when creating, 2.5.5.2.10, 2.5.5.2.10

using NIS, 2.5.5, 2.5.5.2.10

V

voting disks

backing up with dd command deprecated, Preface

configuration of, 4.1

mirroring, 3.2.1

partition sizes, 3.2.1

supported storage options, 3.1.3

W

wmem_default, E.2.1

wmem_max, E.2.1

workstation

installing from, 2.4

wsize parameter, 3.2.6

wtmax, 3.2.3.2

minimum value for Direct NFS, 3.2.3.2

X

X emulator

installing from, 2.4, 2.4

X window system

enabling remote hosts, 2.4, 2.4, 2.4

X11 forwarding

error, 2.14.4

X11 forwarding errors, E.1.3

xhost command, 2.4

xterm command, 2.4, 2.4