Oracle® Database

1 Reviewing Information About This Guide

This guide describes how to install Oracle Database by using the default installation options.

Tasks Described in This Guide

The procedures in this guide describe how to:

• Configure your system to support Oracle Database

• Install Oracle Database on a local file system by using the Typical Installation option

• Configure a general-purpose Oracle Database installation that uses the local file system for database file storage

Results of a Successful Installation

After you successfully install Oracle Database:

• The database that you created and the default Oracle Net listener process run on the system.

• Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control run on the system and can be accessed by using a Web browser.

Tasks Not Described in This Guide

This guide covers the Typical Installation scenario and does not describe how to complete the following tasks:

• Using the Advanced Installation option to install the software

• Installing the software on a system that has an existing Oracle software installation

• Installing Oracle Clusterware and Oracle Real Application Clusters on a cluster

• Enabling Enterprise Manager e-mail notifications or automated backups

• Using alternative storage options such as Automatic Storage Management

• Installing and configuring Oracle grid infrastructure

Where to Get Additional Installation Information

For more information about installing Oracle Database, including information about the tasks not described in this guide, refer to one of the following guides:

• If you want to install the software on a single system, then refer to Oracle Database Installation Guide for Linux.

• If you want to install Oracle grid infrastructure for a standalone server, then refer to the "Oracle Grid Infrastructure" chapter in Oracle Database Installation Guide for Linux.

• If you want to perform a Oracle Real Application Clusters installation, then refer to Oracle Grid Infrastructure Installation Guide for Linux and Oracle Real Application Clusters Installation Guide for Linux and UNIX. These guides describe how to install Oracle Clusterware and Oracle Real Application Clusters. Oracle clusterware is a prerequisite for Oracle Real Application Clusters installations.

All these guides are available on the product disc. To access them, use a Web browser to open the welcome.htm file located in the top-level directory of the installation media, and then select the Documentation tab.

2 Logging In to the System as root

Before you install the Oracle software, you must complete several tasks as the root user. To log in as the root user, complete one of the following procedures:

• Following are the steps for installing the software from an X Window System workstation, or X terminal:

  1. Start a local terminal session, for example, an X terminal (xterm).

  2. If you are not installing the software on the local system, then enter the following command to enable the remote host to display X applications on the local X server:

     $ xhost fully_qualified_remote_host_name
     

     For example:

     $ xhost somehost.us.example.com
     

  3. If you are not installing the software on the local system, then use the ssh, rlogin, or telnet command to connect to the system where you want to install the software:

     $ telnet fully_qualified_remote_host_name
     

  4. If you are not logged in as the root user, then enter the following command to switch user to root:

     $ sudo sh
     password:
     #
     

• Following are the steps for installing the software from a PC or other system with X server software:

  Note:

  If necessary, refer to your X server documentation for more information about completing this procedure. Depending on the X server software that you are using, you may need to complete the tasks in a different order.

  1. Start the X server software.

  2. Configure the security settings of the X server software to permit remote hosts to display X applications on the local system.

  3. Connect to the remote system where you want to install the software and start a terminal session on that system, for example, an X terminal (xterm).

  4. If you are not logged in as the root user on the remote system, then enter the following command to switch user to root:

     $ sudo sh
     password:
     #
     

3 Checking the Hardware Requirements

The system must meet the following minimum hardware requirements:

• Memory Requirements

• Disk Space Requirements

# grep SwapTotal /proc/meminfo

# free

# df -k /dev/shm/

4 Checking the Software Requirements

Depending on the products that you intend to install, verify that the following softwares are installed on the system.

• Operating System Requirements

• Kernel Requirements

• Package Requirements

• Compiler Requirements

• Additional Software Requirements

# uname -r

2.6.18-128.el5PAE

# rpm -q package_name

5 Creating Required Operating System Groups and Users

The following local operating system groups and users are required if you are installing Oracle Database:

• The Oracle Inventory group (typically, oinstall)

• The OSDBA group (typically, dba)

• The Oracle software owner (typically, oracle)

• The OSOPER group (optional. Typically, oper)

To determine whether these groups and users already exist, and if necessary, to create them, follow these steps:

1. To determine whether the oinstall group exists, enter the following command:

   # more /etc/oraInst.loc
   

   If the output of this command shows the oinstall group name, then the group already exists.

   If the oraInst.loc file exists, then the output from this command is similar to the following:

   inventory_loc=/u01/app/oraInventory
   inst_group=oinstall
   

   The inst_group parameter shows the name of the Oracle Inventory group, oinstall.

2. To determine whether the dba group exists, enter the following command:

   # grep dba /etc/group
   

   If the output from this commands shows the dba group name, then the group already exists.

3. If necessary, enter the following commands to create the oinstall and dba groups:

   # /usr/sbin/groupadd oinstall
   # /usr/sbin/groupadd dba
   

4. To determine whether the oracle user exists and belongs to the correct groups, enter the following command:

   # id oracle
   

   If the oracle user exists, then this command displays information about the groups to which the user belongs. The output should be similar to the following, indicating that oinstall is the primary group and dba is a secondary group:

   uid=440(oracle) gid=200(oinstall) groups=201(dba),202(oper)
   

5. If necessary, complete one of the following actions:

   • If the oracle user exists, but its primary group is not oinstall or it is not a member of the dba group, then enter the following command:

     # /usr/sbin/usermod -g oinstall -G dba oracle
     

   • If the oracle user does not exist, enter the following command to create it:

     # /usr/sbin/useradd -g oinstall -G dba oracle
     

     This command creates the oracle user and specifies oinstall as the primary group and dba as the secondary group.

6. Enter the following command to set the password of the oracle user:

   # passwd oracle
   

6 Configuring Kernel Parameters

Verify that the kernel parameters shown in the following table are set to values greater than or equal to the minimum value shown. The procedure following the table describes how to verify and set the values.

To view the current value specified for these kernel parameters and to change them if necessary:

• Enter commands similar to the following to view the current values of the kernel parameters:

  Note:

  Make a note of the current values and identify any values that you must change.

  Parameter	Command
  semmsl, semmns, semopm, and semmni	# /sbin/sysctl -a | grep sem This command displays the value of the semaphore parameters in the order listed.
  shmall, shmmax, and shmmni	# /sbin/sysctl -a | grep shm
  file-max	# /sbin/sysctl -a | grep file-max
  ip_local_port_range	# /sbin/sysctl -a | grep ip_local_port_range
  rmem_default	# /sbin/sysctl -a | grep rmem_default
  rmem_max	# /sbin/sysctl -a | grep rmem_max
  wmem_default	# /sbin/sysctl -a | grep wmem_default
  wmem_max	# /sbin/sysctl -a | grep wmem_max

  
  

• If the value of any kernel parameter is different from the recommended value, then complete the following steps:

  1. Using any text editor, create or edit the /etc/sysctl.conf file, and add or edit lines similar to the following:

     Note:

     Include lines only for the kernel parameter values that you want to change. For the semaphore parameters (kernel.sem), you must specify all four values. However, if any of the current values are larger than the minimum value, then specify the larger value.

     fs.aio-max-nr = 1048576
     fs.file-max = 6815744
     kernel.shmall = 2097152
     kernel.shmmax = 536870912
     kernel.shmmni = 4096
     kernel.sem = 250 32000 100 128
     net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 9000 65500
     net.core.rmem_default = 262144
     net.core.rmem_max = 4194304
     net.core.wmem_default = 262144
     net.core.wmem_max = 1048586
     

     Note:

     The minimum value required for shmmax is 0.5 GB. However, Oracle recommends that you set the value of shmmax to 2.0 GB for optimum performance of the system.

     By specifying the values in the /etc/sysctl.conf file, they persist when you restart the system. However, on SUSE Linux Enterprise Server systems, enter the following command to ensure that the system reads the /etc/sysctl.conf file when it restarts:

     # /sbin/chkconfig boot.sysctl on
     

  2. Enter the following command to change the current values of the kernel parameters:

     # /sbin/sysctl -p
     

     Review the output from this command to verify that the values are correct. If the values are incorrect, edit the /etc/sysctl.conf file, then enter this command again.

  3. Enter the command /sbin/sysctl -a to confirm that the values are set correctly.

  4. On SUSE systems only, enter the following command to cause the system to read the /etc/sysctl.conf file when it restarts:

     # /sbin/chkconfig boot.sysctl on
     

  5. On SUSE systems only, you must enter the GID of the oinstall group as the value for the parameter /proc/sys/vm/hugetlb_shm_group. Doing this grants members of oinstall a group permission to create shared memory segments.

     For example, where the oinstall group GID is 501:

     # echo 501 > /proc/sys/vm/hugetlb_shm_group
     

     After running this command, use vi to add the following text to /etc/sysctl.conf, and enable the boot.sysctl script to run on system restart:

     vm.hugetlb_shm_group=501
     

     Note:

     Only one group can be defined as the vm.hugetlb_shm_group.

  6. After updating the values of kernel parameters in the /etc/sysctl.conf file, either restart the computer, or run the command sysctl -p to make the changes in the /etc/sysctl.conf file available in the active kernel memory.

Setting Shell Limits for the oracle User

To improve the performance of the software, you must increase the following shell limits for the oracle user:

To increase the shell limits:

1. Add the following lines in the /etc/security/limits.conf file:

   oracle           soft    nproc   2047
   oracle           hard    nproc   16384
   oracle           soft    nofile  1024
   oracle           hard    nofile  65536
   

2. Add the following line to the /etc/pam.d/login file, if it does not already exist:

   session    required     pam_limits.so
   

3. Depending on the oracle user's default shell, make the following changes to the default shell startup file:

   • For the Bourne, Bash, or Korn shell, add the following lines in the /etc/profile file (or the /etc/profile.local file on SUSE Linux Enterprise Server systems):

     if [ $USER = "oracle" ]; then
             if [ $SHELL = "/bin/ksh" ]; then
                   ulimit -p 16384
                   ulimit -n 65536
             else
                   ulimit -u 16384 -n 65536
             fi
     fi
     

   • For the C shell, add the following lines in the /etc/csh.login file (or the /etc/csh.login.local file on SUSE Linux Enterprise Server systems):

     if ( $USER == "oracle" ) then
             limit maxproc 16384
             limit descriptors 65536
     endif
     

7 Creating Required Directories

Create directories with names similar to the following, and specify the correct owner, group, and permissions for them:

• The Oracle base directory

• An optional Oracle data file directory

The Oracle base directory must have 4 GB of free disk space, or 6 GB of free disk space if you choose not to create a separate Oracle data file directory.

To create the Oracle base directory:

1. Enter the following command to display information about all mounted file systems:

   # df -h
   

   This command displays information about all the file systems mounted on the system, including:

   • The physical device name

   • The total amount, used amount, and available amount of disk space

   • The mount point directory for that file system

2. From the display, identify either one or two file systems that meet the disk space requirements mentioned earlier in this section.

3. Note the name of the mount point directory for each file system that you identified.

4. Enter commands similar to the following to create the recommended subdirectories in the mount point directory that you identified and set the appropriate owner, group, and permissions on them:

   # mkdir -p /mount_point/app/
   # chown -R oracle:oinstall /mount_point/app/
   # chmod -R 775 /mount_point/app/
   

   For example:

   # mkdir -p /u01/app/
   # chown -R oracle:oinstall /u01/app/
   # chmod -R 775 /u01/app/
   

8 Configuring the oracle User's Environment

You run Oracle Universal Installer from the oracle account. However, before you start Oracle Universal Installer, you must configure the environment of the oracle user. To configure the environment, you must:

• Set the default file mode creation mask (umask) to 022 in the shell startup file.

• Set the DISPLAY environment variable.

To set the oracle user's environment:

1. Start a new terminal session, for example, an X terminal (xterm).

2. Enter the following command to ensure that X Window applications can display on this system:

   $ xhost fully_qualified_remote_host_name
   

   For example:

   $ xhost somehost.us.example.com
   

3. Complete one of the following steps:

   • If the terminal session is not connected to the system where you want to install the software, then log in to that system as the oracle user.

   • If the terminal session is connected to the system where you want to install the software, then switch user to oracle:

     $ su - oracle
     

4. To determine the default shell for the oracle user, enter the following command:

   $ echo $SHELL
   

5. Open the oracle user's shell startup file in any text editor:

   • Bash shell (bash) on SUSE:

     $ vi .profile
     

   • Bourne shell (sh), Bash shell on Red Hat (bash), or Korn shell (ksh):

     $ vi .bash_profile
     

   • C shell (csh or tcsh):

     % vi .login
     

6. Enter or edit the following line in the shell startup file, specifying a value of 022 for the default file mode creation mask:

   umask 022
   

7. If the ORACLE_SID, ORACLE_HOME, or ORACLE_BASE environment variable is set in the file, then remove the corresponding lines from the file.

8. Save the file and exit from the editor.

9. To run the shell startup script, enter the following command:

   • Bash shell on Red Hat:

     $ . ./.bash_profile
     

   • Bourne shell, Bash shell on SUSE, or Korn shell:

     $ . ./.profile
     

   • C shell:

     % source ./.login
     

10. If you are not installing the software on the local system, then enter a command similar to the following to direct X applications to display on the local system:

    • Bourne, Bash, or Korn shell:

      $ DISPLAY=local_host:0.0 ; export DISPLAY
      

    • C shell:

      % setenv DISPLAY local_host:0.0
      

    In this example, local_host is the host name or IP address of the system that you want to use to display Oracle Universal Installer (your workstation or PC).

11. If you determined that the /tmp directory had insufficient free disk space when checking the hardware requirements, then identify a file system with the required amount of free space and set the TMP and TMPDIR environment variables as follows:

    1. Use the df -k command to identify a suitable file system with sufficient free space.

    2. If necessary, enter commands similar to the following to create a temporary directory on the file system that you identified, and set the appropriate permissions on the directory:

       # sudo mkdir /mount_point/tmp
       # sudo chmod a+wr /mount_point/tmp
       # exit
       

    3. Enter commands similar to the following to set the TMP and TMPDIR environment variables:

       Bourne, Bash, or Korn shell:

       $ TMP=/mount_point/tmp
       $ TMPDIR=/mount_point/tmp
       $ export TMP TMPDIR
       

       C shell:

       % setenv TMP /mount_point/tmp
       % setenv TMPDIR /mount_point/tmp
       

12. Enter commands similar to the following to set the ORACLE_BASE and ORACLE_SID environment variables:

    • Bourne, Bash, or Korn shell:

      $ ORACLE_BASE=/u01/app/oracle
      $ ORACLE_SID=sales
      $ export ORACLE_BASE ORACLE_SID
      

    • C shell:

      % setenv ORACLE_BASE /u01/app/oracle
      % setenv ORACLE_SID sales
      

    In these examples, /u01/app/oracle is the Oracle base directory that you created or identified earlier and sales is the name that you want to call the database (typically no more than five characters).

13. Enter the following commands to ensure that the ORACLE_HOME and TNS_ADMIN environment variables are not set:

    Bourne, Bash, or Korn shell:

    $ unset ORACLE_HOME
    $ unset TNS_ADMIN
    

    C shell:

    % unsetenv ORACLE_HOME
    % unsetenv TNS_ADMIN
    

14. To verify that the environment has been set correctly, enter the following commands:

    $ umask
    $ env | more
    

    Verify that the umask command displays a value of 22, 022, or 0022 and the environment variables that you set in this section have the correct values.

9 Mounting the Product Disc

On most Linux systems, the product disc mounts automatically when you insert it into the drive. If the disc does not mount automatically, then follow these steps to mount it:

1. Enter a command similar to the following to eject the currently mounted disc, then remove it from the drive:

   • Asianux, Oracle Enterprise Linux, and Red Hat Enterprise Linux:

     $ sudo eject /mnt/dvd
     

   • SUSE:

     # eject /media/dvd
     

   In these examples, /mnt/dvd and /media/dvd are the mount point directories for the disc drive.

2. Insert the DVD into the disc drive.

3. To verify that the disc mounted automatically, enter a command similar to the following:

   • Asianux, Oracle Enterprise Linux, and Red Hat Enterprise Linux:

     # ls /mnt/dvd
     

   • SUSE:

     # ls /media/dvd
     

4. If this command fails to display the contents of the disc, then enter a command similar to the following:

   • Asianux, Oracle Enterprise Linux, and Red Hat Enterprise Linux:

     # mount -t iso9660 /dev/dvd /mnt/dvd
     

   • SUSE:

     # mount -t iso9660 /dev/dvd /media/dvd
     

   In these examples, /mnt/dvd and /media/dvd are the mount point directories for the disc drive.

10 Installing Oracle Database

After configuring the oracle user's environment, start Oracle Universal Installer and install Oracle Database as follows:

1. To start Oracle Universal Installer, enter the following command:

   $ /mount_point/db/runInstaller
   

   If Oracle Universal Installer does not start, then refer to Oracle Database Installation Guide for information about how to troubleshoot X Window display problems.

2. The following table describes the recommended action for each Oracle Universal Installer screen. Use the following guidelines to complete the installation:

   • If you need more assistance, or if you want to choose an option that is not a default, then click Help for additional information.

   • If you encounter errors while installing or linking the software, then refer to Oracle Database Installation Guide for information about troubleshooting.

   Note:

   If you have completed the tasks listed previously, then you can complete the installation by choosing the default values on most screens.

   Screen	Recommended Action
   Configure Security Updates	Enter your e-mail address, preferably your My Oracle Support (formerly OracleMetaLink) e-mail address or user name in the Email field. You can select the I wish to receive security updates via My Oracle Support check box to receive security updates. Enter your My Oracle Support (formerly OracleMetaLink) password in the My Oracle Support Password field. Click Next.
   Select Installation Option	Select Create and Configure a Database from the following list of available options, then click Next: Create and Configure a Database Install Database Software Only Upgrade an Existing Database
   System Class	Select Server Class from the following options to install the database, and click Next. Desktop Class: Choose this option if you are installing on a laptop or desktop class system. Server Class: Choose this option if you are installing on a server class system, such as what you would use when deploying Oracle in a production data center.
   Grid Installation Options	Select Single instance database installation for the type of database installation you want to perform, and click Next. Single instance database installation: This option installs the database and the listener. Real Application Clusters database installation: This option installs Oracle Real Application Clusters and the listener.
   Select Install Type	Select Typical Installation as the installation type from the following options, and then click Next: Typical Installation: This installation method is selected by default. It lets you quickly install Oracle Database using minimal input. Advanced Installation: This installation method enables to perform more complex installations.
   Typical Install Configuration	Enter the following information as per your requirements: Oracle base: The Oracle base path appears by default. You can change the path based on your requirement. Software location: In the Software Location section, accept the default values or enter the Oracle home name and directory path in which you want to install Oracle components. The directory path should not contain spaces. Storage Type: Select File System, or Automatic Storage Management as the database storage option. Database file location: If you select File System as your storage type, then click Browse and specify a database file location. ASMSNMP Password: If you select Automatic Storage Management as your Storage Type, then specify the password for the ASMSNMP user. Database Edition: Select the database edition that you want to install. OSDBA Group: The OSDBA group is selected by default. You can also select the OSDBA group from the list. Global database name: Specify the Global Database Name using the following syntax: database_name.domain For example, sales.us.example.com Administrative password: Enter the password for the privileged database account. Confirm Password: Reenter, and confirm the password for the privileged database account. Click Next to continue.
   Create Inventory	This screen is displayed only during the first installation of Oracle products on a system. Specify the full path of the Oracle Inventory directory. Ensure that the operating system group selected is oinstall. Click Next to continue.
   Perform Prerequisite Checks	Verify that all the prerequisite checks succeed, and then click Next. Oracle Universal Installer checks the system to verify that it is configured correctly to run Oracle software. If you have completed all the preinstallation steps in this guide, all the checks should pass. If a check fails, then review the cause of the failure listed for that check on the screen. If possible, rectify the problem and rerun the check. Alternatively, if you are satisfied that your system meets the requirements, then you can select the check box for the failed check to manually verify the requirement.
   Summary	Review the information displayed on this screen, and then click Finish. Note: Starting with Oracle Database 11g Release 2 (11.2), you can save all the installation steps into a response file by clicking Save Response File. Later, this file can be used for a silent installation.
   Install product	This screen states the progress of a database installation. After the database is installed, you are prompted to execute some root configuration script for new inventory as the root user. Click Next. This screen then displays the status information for the configuration assistants that configure the software and create a database. Finally, a message is displayed at the end of Database Configuration Assistant process, and click OK. Execute the root.sh script as the root user to complete the installation and click OK.
   Finish	This screen is shown automatically when all the configuration tools are successful. Click Close.

   
   

11 Installing Oracle Database Examples

If you plan to use the following products or features, then download and install the products from the Oracle Database Examples media:

• Oracle JDBC Development Drivers

• Oracle Database Examples

• Oracle Context Companion

• Various Oracle product demonstrations

For information about installing software and various Oracle product demonstrations from the Oracle Database Examples media, refer to Oracle Database Examples Installation Guide.

12 What to Do Next?

To become familiar with this release of Oracle Database, it is recommended that you complete the following tasks:

• Log in to Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control using a Web browser.

  Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control is a Web-based application that you can use to manage a single Oracle Database installation. The default URL for Database Control is similar to the following:

  http://host.domain:1158/em/
  

  To log in, use the user name SYS and connect as SYSDBA. Use the password that you specified for this user during the Oracle Database 11g installation.

• Refer to Oracle Database Installation Guide for Linux for information about required and optional postinstallation tasks, depending on the products that you want to use.

• Refer to Oracle Database Installation Guide for Linux for information about how to use Database Control to learn about the configuration of your installed database.

• To learn more about using Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Control to administer a database, refer to Oracle Database 2 Day DBA.

  This guide, designed for new Oracle DBAs, describes how to use Database Control to manage all aspects of an Oracle Database installation. It also provides information about how to enable e-mail notifications and automated backups, which you might not have configured during the installation.

13 Additional Information

This section contains information about the following:

• Product Licenses

• Purchasing Licenses, Version Updates, and Documentation

• Contacting Oracle Support Services

• Locating Product Documentation

Product Licenses

You are welcome to install and evaluate the products included in this media pack for 30 days under the terms of the Trial License Agreement. However, you must purchase a program license if you want to continue using any product after the 30 day evaluation period. See the following section for information about purchasing program licenses.

Purchasing Licenses, Version Updates, and Documentation

You can purchase program licenses, updated versions of Oracle products, and printed versions of Oracle documentation from the Oracle Store Web site:

http://oraclestore.oracle.com

Contacting Oracle Support Services

If you have purchased Oracle Product Support, you can call Oracle Support Services for assistance 24 hours a day, seven days a week. For information about purchasing Oracle Product Support or contacting Oracle Support Services, go to the Oracle Support Services Web site:

http://www.oracle.com/support

Locating Product Documentation

Documentation for Oracle products is available in both HTML and Adobe portable document format (PDF) formats from several locations:

• On discs in the media pack:

  • Platform-specific documentation is available on the product discs. To access this documentation, see the welcome.htm file located in the top-level directory of the installation media.

  • Generic product documentation is available in the Oracle Documentation Library.

• From the Oracle Technology Network Web site:

  http://www.oracle.com/technology/documentation

To view PDF documents, download the free Adobe Acrobat Reader from the Adobe Web site, if necessary:

http://www.adobe.com

14 Documentation Accessibility

Our goal is to make Oracle products, services, and supporting documentation accessible to all users, including users that are disabled. To that end, our documentation includes features that make information available to users of assistive technology. This documentation is available in HTML format, and contains markup to facilitate access by the disabled community. Accessibility standards will continue to evolve over time, and Oracle is actively engaged with other market-leading technology vendors to address technical obstacles so that our documentation can be accessible to all of our customers. For more information, visit the Oracle Accessibility Program Web site at http://www.oracle.com/accessibility/.

Accessibility of Code Examples in Documentation

Screen readers may not always correctly read the code examples in this document. The conventions for writing code require that closing braces should appear on an otherwise empty line; however, some screen readers may not always read a line of text that consists solely of a bracket or brace.

Accessibility of Links to External Web Sites in Documentation

This documentation may contain links to Web sites of other companies or organizations that Oracle does not own or control. Oracle neither evaluates nor makes any representations regarding the accessibility of these Web sites.

Deaf/Hard of Hearing Access to Oracle Support Services

To reach Oracle Support Services, use a telecommunications relay service (TRS) to call Oracle Support at 1.800.223.1711. An Oracle Support Services engineer will handle technical issues and provide customer support according to the Oracle service request process. Information about TRS is available at http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/consumerfacts/trs.html, and a list of phone numbers is available at http://www.fcc.gov/cgb/dro/trsphonebk.html.